Which Is Nota Risk Factor for Having a Baby With Low Birthweight?

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• Published: 13 October 2015

Take a chance factors for low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-E Ethiopia : a instance–control written report

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth volume xv, Article number:264 (2015) Cite this article

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Abstract

Background

Depression birth weight (LBW) is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibite growth and cerebral development and resulted chronic diseases later on in life. Many factors affect foetal growth and thus, the birth weight. These factors operate to diverse extents in dissimilar environments and cultures. The prevalence of low birth weight in the report surface area is the highest in the state. To the investigator's knowledge in Bale Zone, no report has yet been done to elucidate the gamble factors for depression nascence weight using case control report design. This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of depression birth weight in Bale zone hospitals.

Methods

A example–control study design was practical from Apr 1st to August 30th, 2013. A total of 387 mothers (136 cases and 272 controls) were interviewed using structured and pretested questionnaire past trained information collectors working in delivery ward. For each instance, two consecutive controls were included in the report. All cases and controls were mothers with singleton nascency, full term babies, no diabetes mellitus and no hypertensive. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical package. The clan between the independent variables and dependent variable (nascency weight) was evaluated through bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.

Upshot

Maternal age at delivery <20 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = iii; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.65–five.73), monthly income <26 Usa Dollarr (USD) (AOR = 3.8; 95 % CI = 1.54–9.41), lack of formal pedagogy (AOR = 6; 95 % CI = 1.34–26.90), being merchant (AOR = 0.ane; 95 %CI = 0.02–0.52) and residing in rural expanse (AOR = 2.one; 95 % CI = i.04–4.33) were socio-economic variables associated with low nascence weight. Maternal risk factors like occurrence of health problems during pregnancy (AOR = half dozen.three; 95 % CI = ii.75–14.48), maternal torso mass alphabetize <eighteen kg/m2 (AOR = 6.7; 95 % CI = 1.21–37.14), maternal height <ane.5m (AOR = 3.seven; 95 % CI = i.22–11.28), inter-pregnancy interval <two years (AOR = 3; 95 % CI = one.58–6.31], absence of antenatal care (OR = two.9; 95 % CI = 1.23–vi.94) and history of khat chewing (AOR = half dozen.four; 95 % CI = 2.42–17.ten) and ecology factors such as using firewood for cooking (AOR = ii.7; 95 % CI = 1.01–7.17), using kerosene for cooking (AOR = 8.ix; 95 % CI = 2.54–31.11), wash hands with h2o only (AOR = ii.2; 95 % CI = i.30–three.90) and non having separate kitchen room (AOR = 2.6; 95 % CI = 1.36–4.85) were associated with low birth weight.

Conclusion

Women who residing in rural area, faced wellness bug during current pregnancy, had no antenatal care follow-up and use firewood as free energy source were found to be more than probable to give low birth weight babies. Improving a mother'due south awareness and practice for a good for you pregnancy needs to be emphasized to reverse LBW related problems.

Peer Review reports

Background

Low nascence weight (LBW) is considered every bit the single most important predictor of baby bloodshed, especially of deaths inside the first month of life [1]. It is a significant determinant of baby and childhood morbidity, particularly of neurodevelopmental impairments such every bit mental retardation and learning disabilities. Information technology is likewise closely associated with foetal and neonatal bloodshed and morbidity, inhibite growth and cerebral development and chronic diseases subsequently in life [2].

More than than 20 meg infants worldwide, representing sixteen % of all births are born with low nascency weight. The level of low nascence weight in low income countries is more than than double the level in middle income countries. About ten % of births in Oceania were low birth weight births [3, 4]. The result of the 2005/six demography and health survey report of Republic of zimbabwe showed that the prevalence of low birth weight was sixteen % and the prevalence varies across sex (17 % among females versus 13 % among males) [five].

The magnitude of LBW births are probably underestimates of the global situation considering in the developing world a significant proportion of infants are born at habitation and non registered as live births [3]. Co-ordinate to the 2005 Ethiopian demography and health survey, 14 % of babies in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia were low nascence weight [vi]. After 5 years the prevalence decreased by 3 % and it was 11 % in 2011 [seven]. The 2011 health and health related indicator in Ethiopia showed that the proportion of low nascency weight in Oromia region was 28 % followed by Gambella region which was 26 % [8]. Based on the 2011 Ethiopian census and wellness survey, Only 33.three % of the gambela women received professional person antenatal care service from health service institution and only 13.2 % of the gambela mother delivered at health care facility [7]. In Oromia region, just 3.7 % of women delivered at a professional wellness intendance facility. Over 95 % delivered at home with all the attendant risks and complications assisted only by traditional birth attendants and only aquarter of Oromia women (24.8 %) had received antenatal intendance from a professional care provider [8].

Ethiopia is known to be amidst countries with very high maternal and child bloodshed rate. Even though sufficient specific data on Oromiya and Gambela are lacking, It would not be a stretch to assume that the grim statistics would apply to the women in the two regions too [7].

Many factors make up one's mind the duration of gestation and foetal growth, and thus, the birth weight. They might be related to the infant, the mother, or the concrete environment and play an important role in determining the birth weight and the future health of the infant [3]. In unlike parts of the world Studies showed that several LBW risk factors contribute for the presence of the problem. Hypertension, weight gain during pregnancy, body size (mainly maternal pre pregnancy weight) and low social course were some of from others [ix].

Nascence weight is affected to a great extent by the mother'due south ain foetal growth and her nutrition from birth to pregnancy. Mother's poor nutrition and health, high prevalence of specific and non-specific infections, pregnancy complications, and physically demanding work during pregnancy are contributes to poor foetal growth [3].

In order to prevent LBW, its main modifiable risk factors need to be understood. Additionally, the interrelationships between maternal, social and cultural factors need to be investigated. Results of the research would exist critical to develop interventions aimed at modifying behaviors and other take chances factors for low birth weight. Hence, this research was aimed to identifying the socio-economic, maternal and environmental risk factors for low nativity weight in the study surface area to design urgent and sustainable interventions.

Methods

Study setting and population

A hospital based case control report was conducted in Bale zone from April 1^st to August thirty^th, 2013. Bale zone is the second largest zone in Oromia regional state located in the South-eastern part of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia. The zone administratively divided in to 17 districts and 6 town assistants [Bale Zone administrative part 2013]. Based on bale zone wellness role study, in that location are four government hospitals (Goba, Robe, Ginnir and Delomena hospitals) and 76 functional health centers, 351 functional wellness postal service, 179 private clinic, 1 NGO dispensary, 4 other public clinic, 95 chemist's/drug store, 1 NGO drug store and 4 medical drug store in Bale zone.

All mothers who gave nascence in the four governmental hospitals were the source population. Mothers who gave alive births weighed less than 2500 one thousand were considered every bit cases and live births weighed 2500 g and to a higher place as controls. Mothers who had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, preterm baby and multiple births were excluded; considering those weather condition are known hazard factors for depression birth weight.

Sample size and sampling techniques

The sample size was adamant using the proportion difference approach with the assumption of 95 % confidence level (Z_α/two = 1.96), 80 % ability (Z_β = 0.84), control to case ratio 1:2 (r = 2), the odds ratio to be detected ≥ 2 and the 20 % command group volition be exposed. The final sample size was 408 (136 cases and 272 controls).

The weight of all live births delivered in the four hospitals during the study menstruum was measured. Based on the case definition those mothers who gave live births weighed less than 2500g included in the written report as cases. For each case, two sequent controls were included.

Data drove procedure

Data was collected through confront to face interview using structured and pretested questionnaire. The questionnaire was adopted from Ethiopian wellness and demographic survey (EDHS) and behavioral surveillance survey (BSS) and other peer reviewed articles [3, 6, vii]. The questionnaire included three sections. The first section of the questionnaire was related to socio demographic background. Information obtained from this section is of import because the presence of economic deprivation has its ain influence on the birth effect of pregnant women. The second section included questionnaire which helps to assess the maternal condition like birth interval, number of children, maternal follow up and health problems equally a crusade of LBW. Questions in the tertiary section were related to household environmental conditions like, source of water, source of free energy, personal hygiene and number of individuals in the habitation. Information from this section has peachy implication on the birth issue. Insufficient and dangerous water for pregnant women contributes infection which leads to low birth weight. The interview and anthropometric measurements were conducted by trained midwives and nurses working in labour ward.

The weight of the newborns was measured within xv min after birth using a balanced Seca scale. The scale was e'er checked and zeroed before weighing each newborn. Maternal height was measured against a wall peak scale to the nearest centimeter. Maternal weight was measured by beam balance to the nearest kilogram and torso mass index (BMI) was after calculated.

Operational definition

Nascence weight

The first weight of the new-borns measured within 15 min after nascency. Low birth weight (cases) were those newborns weighed less than 2500g while those newborns with birth weight of 2500g and above were considered equally normal weight (controls).

Preterm birth

It is a birth before a gestational historic period of 37 complete weeks.

Multiple births

It refers when more than one fetus is carried to term in a single pregnancy.

Data processing and statistical assay

First the information were checked for completeness and inconsistencies. And so coded and entered to SPSS version 16.0 soft ware. The entered data were cleaned and edited before subsequent analysis. Summary statistics such as mean and standard deviation was computed for cases and controls groups. The socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers were cantankerous tabulated among cases and controls. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were washed to place the human relationship betwixt the independent variables (socio-economical, maternal and environmental factors) and dependent variable (nascence weight).

The socio-economic factors; maternal age, residence, marital status, maternal education, maternal occupation, husband'due south occupation, husband's didactics, monthly income and role of decision making on money how to be used were entered to the bivariate model with low nascency weight. Similarly, maternal factors including; birth interval, gravida, antenatal care (ANC) follow-upwards, gestational historic period at first ANC visit, deworming during pregnancy, maternal superlative, maternal weight, maternal BMI, history of pregnancy related problems, history of alcohol drinking and khat chewing were entered in to the bivariate model. Likewise; ecology factors entered to bivariate assay were latrine availability, average daily household h2o consumption, mothers' hand washing practice, availability of separate kitchen room, source of drinking water, solid waste product disposal site and water source point accessibility to household.

The 3 sets of independent variables (socio-economic, maternal and ecology factors) that showed significant association in the bivariate logistic regression assay were entered in multiple logistic regressions analysis using backward stepwise method. All statistical tests were ii sided and significant association was alleged at p-value less than 0.05.

Ethical clearance letter of the alphabet was obtained from enquiry review committee (ERC) of Madawalabu University. Permission letters were secured from Bale Zone Health Bureau and from the four corresponding hospitals. Verbal consent was obtained from each mother prior to interview. Additionally, all the information obtained from each report participant was kept confidential throughout the procedure of this report.

Results

From a total of 408 sample size, 387 mothers of (129 cases and 258 controls) were included in the interviewe which made the response rate of 94 % for both cases and controls.

Socio economic and maternal characteristics

Most half of mothers of the cases 51.2 % and more 2 third of mothers of controls 69.4 % were in the age grouping of 21–35 years. About threescore-seven pct of mothers among cases and 53.9 % of mothers amongst controls were Muslim in religion. Larger proportions, 69.8 % of cases of mothers and 45.3 % of the controls mothers were housewives. About twoscore-six percent of mothers of LBW babies were illiterate while 15.five % of mothers of normal nascence weight (NBW) babies were illiterate. Concerning monthly family income, relatively higher percentage of mothers of low birth weight babies 24.6 % had an income less than 26$ ompared to mothers of normal birth weight babies 7.viii % [Table 1].

Table 1 Distribution of mothers by socio demographic characteristics in Bale Zone, South eastward Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, August, 2013

Full size table

Virtually half of mothers with LBW babies l.viii % spaced between present and by pregnancy more than than two years compared to mothers with NBW babies 74.7 %. Lxx 6 percentage of mothers amid cases and 82 % of mothers among controls had BMI of 18.5–25 kg/mⁱⁱ. Maternal pinnacle, 84.5 % from cases and 93.8 % from controls were greater than 150cm tall. Among mothers of cases 48.1 % and mothers of controls 24.8 % lived in rural role of the report surface area and most of mothers 93 % were currently married [Table 1].

Risk factors for low birth weight

Bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed between socio-economic factors of mothers and low nativity weight. The analyses revealed that maternal age, residence, maternal education, maternal occupation, husband'southward occupation, married man's didactics, monthly income and participation on decision on how money exist used were statistically significant with low birth weight in the bivariate model. Those socio economical factors of the mothers which have significant association with low birth weight in the bivariate model were entered to multiple logistic regression analyses. The results showed that mothers who were residing in rural areas were 2 times more than prone to deliver LBW babies than their urban counterparts (AOR = 2.ane; (95 % CI = i.04–4.33)). Those mothers with monthly income less than 26$ were four times more probable to give LBW baby as compared to mothers with monthly income of greater than 79 $ (AOR = 3.8; (95 % CI = 1.54–ix.41)). Mothers who had no formal pedagogy were at higher run a risk to give low nascency weight baby as compared to mothers with tertiary level of education (AOR = vi; (95 % CI = 1.34–26.90)). Mothers who were in the age group of less than 20 years were more likely to deliver low birth weight babies than those mothers in the age grouping of 21–35 years (AOR = iii.one; (95 % CI = ane.65–5.73)). Mothers who were merchant by their occupational were 90 % less likely to deliver low birth weight babies compared to employed mothers (AOR = 0.1; (95 % CI = 0.02–0.52)) (Table ii).

Tabular array 2 Associations between depression nascence weight (LBW) and socio economic factors among mothers in Bale Zone, Oromia regional state, August, 2013

Total size table

Similarly, bivariate logistic regression analyses were done to cheque the presence of significant association between maternal factors and low birth weight. As a result; nascence interval, gravida, ANC follow-up, gestational age at first ANC visit, maternal height, maternal weight, maternal BMI, history of pregnancy related bug, history of booze drinking and history of khat chewing were statistically associated with low birth weight. In multiple logistic regression analysis; mothers who encountered pregnancy related wellness problems during current pregnancy were at college risk to deliver low nativity weight baby than mothers who didn't encounter any wellness problem (AOR = half-dozen.3; (95 % CI = 2.75–xiv.48). The odds of depression birth weight were higher among mothers who didn't attend antenatal care for electric current pregnancy as compared to mothers who attended ANC (AOR = 2.9; (95 % CI =ane.23–6.94). In the same mode; mothers with birth interval of 2 years and beneath between the current and previous birth were more than likely to requite depression birth weight infant than mothers who gave birth greater than two years apart (AOR = three.ii; (95 % CI =1.58–6.31)). The odds of giving LBW baby were college amid mothers with body mass index (BMI) less than 18.50kg/m^two as compared to mothers with BMI greater than 25 kg/m² (AOR = six.7; 95 % CI = (1.21–37.14). Maternal short stature (≤150 cm) AOR = iii.7; 95 % CI = one.22–11.28) and khat chewing (AOR = 6.4; 95 % CI =2.41–17.10) were risk factors for depression birth weight [Table 3].

Table iii Associations between low nascency weight (LBW) and maternal adventure factors amidst mothers in Bale Zone, South east Ethiopia, August, 2013

Full size tabular array

The household environmental factors including latrine availability, average daily household water consumption, and mothers' manus washing practice, availability of separate kitchen room, solid waste disposal site and source of energy for cooking were statistically associated with LBW in the bivariate logistic regression analyses model. The multiple logistic regression results showed that; the likelihood of giving low nascence weight babe was significantly higher amid mothers who were used firewood for cooking than electricity (AOR = ii.7; (95 % CI = ane.00–seven.17), kerosene than electricity (AOR = 8.9; (95 % CI = two.53–31.11) and animal dung than electricity (AOR = fourteen.4; (95 % CI = 4.08–50.97)). Mothers from household which had no carve up room for cooking significantly associated with low birth weight (AOR =2.5; (95 % CI = one.35–half dozen.40). Mothers who washed their hands with water simply had college probability of giving low nascence weight infant than mothers who washed their easily using h2o with lather (AOR = 2.2; (95 % CI = 1.29–3.90) and manus washing with water and ash likewise found to exist risky for low birth weight compared to using water with soap (AOR = 3.iii; (95 % CI = 1.05–ten.29). The odds of LBW babies among mothers with daily household h2o consumption less than fifty l were college than mothers with daily household water consumption of 50 l and to a higher place (AOR = 1.8 ;( 95 % CI =1.02–iii.21) [Table 4].

Table iv Associations between low births weight (LBW) and Environmental factors amidst mothers in Bale Zone, Southward eastward Ethiopia, August, 2013

Full size table

Give-and-take

Low birth weight tin can be influenced by various factors that occur prior to and during pregnancy including the household environmental conditions where the mothers live. Therefore; this study identified the risk factors for low birth weight which is important for proper, immediate and sustainable intervention to improve maternal health for better pregnancy event [10,11].

This study showed that some of the socio-economic weather affect the weight of new born negatively. In this regard, mothers who resided in rural areas were more than likely to deliver depression nascence weight babies. This finding is in agreement with study done in Tanzania and Republic of india [12, 13]. But This consequence is in dissimilarity to a study done in Jimma zone, Ethiopia where the hazard of delivering depression nascence weight babies was constitute to be significantly higher in those mothers who were residing in urban areas than those living in rural areas [14]. The difference might be due to inadequate rest and continuous hard working during pregnancy among mothers in rural expanse.

This study revealed that mothers who are illiterate and in lower income level were at college gamble to deliver LBW babies. Similarly, the written report conducted in Nepal and Lahore showed that maternal didactics and per capita income of the family per month were plant to be significantly associated with birth weight of the new born [xiii, 15]. The possible explanation and implications could be the low economic condition of the mothers in the study area with increased costs of living might hinder to intendance pregnant mothers in terms of nutrition and wellness care. Education also influences people's perceptions and dispositions towards different activities including health activities and behaviour such as proper maternal feeding practices and maternal wellness service utilization.

However, this study revealed no association between occupational condition and LBW and lack of decision power on their resource utilization and LBW which is different from other previous written report findings [13, 16]. This finding supports the previous report in Tanzania where there was no statistically pregnant deviation amidst mothers' occupations regarding LBW of their new-borns [12].

Pregnancy is a life threatening condition in a majority of developing countries, Its anomalous outcome reduces the life expectancy of new borns and their mothers. In this report, mothers who encountered pregnancy related health problems during current pregnancy were at higher risk to deliver low birth weight babe than mothers who didn't. This result is similar with a study done in Republic of india that showed mothers with any health problem during pregnancy were 2 times more likely to give depression birth weight babies [17].

The hazard of low birth weight was higher among mothers who didn't attend antenatal care for current pregnancy as compared to mothers who attended ANC. This is consistent with a study washed in Nepal which showed as birth weight was significantly associated ANC service utilization [thirteen].

Antenatal visits of the pregnant mothers are very important as they provide chances for monitoring the fetal wellbeing and allow timely intervention for feto-maternal protection including nutritional counseling that a mother might receive. Too, nascency spacing had meaning clan with LBW. Mothers with nascency spacing of 2 years and below were more than likely to deliver low nascency weight babe than mothers who delivered with nascency interval of ii or more than years. This finding is in-line with a report done in India that showed birth interval of < ii years were at college take chances to deliver LBW baby [17]. These findings were also consistent with similar study done in s western Ethiopia, Tanzania and Iran [12, 18, 19]. This could be due to the fact that brusque inter-pregnancy interval might result in inadequate replenishment of maternal nutrient stores depleted in the previous pregnancy and lead to reduced fetal growth.

We found that mothers BMI less than 18 kg/thousand^two and pinnacle less than one.50 m were more likely to deliver depression nascence weight babies. This findings were consistent with a study conducted in India which revealed that low nascence weights were significantly college amongst mothers with height <145 cm and BMI <eighteen.5 kg/gⁱⁱ [17]. Information technology is also consistent with studies washed in Southwestern Ethiopia and Tanzania [12, eighteen].

It is also consistent with another similar study where BMI (<18 kg/m2) two times prone to deliver low birth weight babies [20]. The mean BMI <18 kg/grand² were significantly college in mothers who had LBW babies compared to those who delivered NBW babies in some other case command study in Iran [19]. This might exist considering of the fact that anthropometric measurements direct or indirectly measures nutritional status. In this case a BMI of less than eighteen indicates the presence of nether-nutrition that reveals chronic malnutrition among adults. Hence; maternal nether-nutrition can hinder the growth and development of fetus in the uterus.

In this study maternal historic period at offset nascency, history of alcohol beverage and number of pregnancies didn't have meaning associations with depression birth weight. But mothers who had history of Khat chewing were statistically higher at risk to deliver LBW as compared to mothers who didn't chew Khat.

The sources of drinking water affect the health of the people that use it. If toilet facilities, water sources and cooking environment are poor amid mothers, it will betrayal them to various infections that leads to poor pregnancy outcomes. Various household ecology factors take been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. The combustion product of solid fuel in developing countries can crusade many agin health furnishings in people. Majority of meaning women in developing countries are heavily exposed to indoor air pollution which attributes to depression birth weight [21]. This study showed that 63.6 % of mothers with LBW babies and 74 % of mothers with NBW babies were used firewood as cooking facility in the written report surface area. The likelihood of giving depression nativity weight baby was significantly higher among mothers who were used firewood for cooking than electricity. Similarly; mothers who were used kerosene more probable to evangelize LBW babies than electricity users. This result supports the written report done in India, mothers who were used firewood and kerosene to cook were more probable to gave low nascency weight than those who were used electricity [11]. It is too in agreement with another written report conducted in India that shows infants were built-in in households using kerosene, coal and biomass experienced significantly higher odds of low birth weight [22,23]. The pathology due to biomass smoke exposure leads to respiratory tract infections, wheezing, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The main component of incomplete combustion of biomass, carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin with reduced delivery of oxygen to tissues and developing fetus. This leads to low birth weight babies and increases perinatal deaths [23, 24, 25].

In this study, mothers who didn't have split up room for cooking were more probable to experience low birth weight babies. This could exist due to maternal exposure during pregnant to smoky kitchens which is not separated from the dwelling room might result to inhale chemicals from biomass fuels which contribute for low birth weight and perinatal mortality [26, 27].

Decision

The findings of this study showed that the presence of pregnant association between the socio-economic, maternal and household environmental factors and birth weight of the new-borns among mothers who gave birth in Bale zone hospitals.

From socio-economic factors; not having formal education, being a resident in rural expanse, maternal age less than twenty at electric current birth and having monthly income less than 26$ were identified as take chances factors for low birth weight.

Absenteeism of antenatal care follow-up, birth spacing of two years and below, short maternal stature, maternal BMI of less than 18Kg/m², presence of pregnancy induced health problems and having history of Khat chewing were among maternal factors identified as positively associated with depression birth weight.

Non having separate room for cooking, being firewood user, existence kerosene user & being animal dung user as energy source for cooking, and lack of proper hand washing practice such equally employ of water simply or water with ash rather than water with lather were among the household environmental conditions that increase the risk of low birth weight babe.

This study identified various socio economical, maternal and environmental risk factors for depression birth weight. Therefore; prevention strategy for low nascence weight in this expanse should be designed to tackle these multiple take chances factors for low birth weight. Income generation means such as modest scale enterprises should give due attention for mothers. In add-on; mothers should be encouraged to utilise family planning method so equally to maximize nativity intervals between subsequent births.

Health professionals should screen and consulate meaning mothers who are at chance of having infants with LBW and ensure that women accept access to essential health information on the causes of low birth weight. Public education and awareness on how to conduct on a healthy pregnancy. Likewise; women should be linked to the appropriate maternal health services including antenatal care and nutritional counseling services.

Customs sensitization should do to improve household environmental weather, where the significant women live and work. This should be in focus of promoting to have separate kitchen from living rooms and to employ non-smoky energy sources for cooking such as electricity or to exist away from such activities.

Abbreviations

ANC:

Antenatal care

AOR:

Adjusted odds ratio

BMI:

Torso mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

cm:

Centimeter

DHS:

Demography and Health Survey

HH:

House hold

HIV:

Man immuno deficiency virus

Kg:

Kilo gram

g:

Gram

IUGR:

Intra uterine growth retardation

LBW:

Depression birth weight

MDG:

Millennium Development Goal

FMOH:

Federal ministry of health

NBW:

Normal birth weight

OR:

Odds ratio

UTI:

Urinary tract infection

USD:

Us Dollar

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge Madawalabu University for giving us an opportunity to work on identified thematic areas and the fiscal grants. Special thanks for research and community service directorate of the University for their Valuable Guidance and follow upward from the initiation of the report to the terminal completion of the paper. We would like to thank medical directors of the four hospitals (Dellomena, Goba, Ginnir and Robe) and corresponding supervisors for their cooperation and assistance during information collection. Finally, nosotros would like to forrad our gratitude to the study participants and data collectors for their great contribution for the completion of this report.

Author information

Affiliations

1. Department of Public Wellness, College of Medicine and Wellness Sciences, Madawalabu University, Bale, Goba, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia

   Habtamu Demelash & Achenif Motbainor

2. Department of Nursing College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madawalabu Academy, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia

   Dabere Nigatu & Ketema Gashaw

3. Department of Medicine College of Medicine and Health Science, Madawalabu University, Bale, Goba, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia

   Addisu Melese

Respective author

Correspondence to Habtamu Demelash.

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Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

AM designed the written report, developed the questionnaire and editing the last paper. AM contributed to in the designing of the study, training of data collectors and supervises the data collection process. DN designed the study, participated in the process of data drove, performed data clerk & data analysis, interpreted the result, and drafted and critically reviewed the manuscript. HD participated in the evolution of the study pattern also as developing the questionnaire. He contributed in drafting and writing of the manuscript, supervised the data collection process, interpreted the result and reviewed the manuscript. KG contributed to the development of the overall study concept, design of the study, drafted and reviewed the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Demelash, H., Motbainor, A., Nigatu, D. et al. Risk factors for low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Ethiopia : a case–control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth fifteen, 264 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0677-y

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• Received: 24 May 2014

• Accepted: 02 October 2015

• Published: 13 October 2015

• DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0677-y

Keywords

• Maternal risk factors
• Low nascency weight
• Environmental risk factors
• Socio economic take a chance factors

Which Is Nota Risk Factor for Having a Baby With Low Birthweight?

Source: https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-015-0677-y

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